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The miR-16 microRNA precursor family is a group of related small non-coding RNA genes that regulates gene expression. miR-16, miR-15, mir-195 and miR-457 are related microRNA precursor sequences from the mir-15 gene family. This microRNA family appears to be vertebrate specific and its members have been predicted or experimentally validated in a wide range of vertebrate species (MIPF0000006).
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The miR-16 microRNA precursor family is a group of related small non-coding RNA genes that regulates gene expression. miR-16, miR-15, mir-195 and miR-457 are related microRNA precursor sequences from the mir-15 gene family ([1]). This microRNA family appears to be vertebrate specific and its members have been predicted or experimentally validated in a wide range of vertebrate species (MIPF0000006).
Background[edit]
The human miR-16 precursor was discovered through detailed expression profile and Karyotype analyses of patients by Calin and colleagues.[1] Karyotyping of chromosome structures from individuals with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (B-CLL) found that more than half have alterations in the 13q14 region.[1][2] Deletions of this well characterised 1 megabase region of the genome[3][4] was also observed in approximately 50% of mantle cell lymphoma,[citation needed] up to 40% of multiple myeloma,[citation needed] and 60% of prostate cancers.[5] Comprehensive screenings of the region at the time did not provide consistent evidence of involvement from any of the known genes at the time.[3][4][6][7][8][9][10] Using CD5+ B-lymphocytes,[11] which is known to accumulate with B-CLL progression, the minimal region lost from 13q14 region was scrutinised for regulatory elements.[1] Publicly available sequence databases were used to identify a gene cluster which encodes the homologue to the human miR15 and miR16 from the Caenorhabditis elegans.[12][13][14]
Gene targets[edit]
In the original publication which identified the action of miR15 and miR16 in the development of B-CLL, Calin and colleagues proposed that miR16 could be the targets with imperfect base pairing for 14 genes.[1] Increased CD5+ B-lymphocytes in CLL suggests the miR16 may be involved in cellular differentiation.[1] In animal models single-stranded microRNA species act by binding to imperfect mRNA complements, typically to the 3' UTR,[15][16] although targets have also been observed in the coding sequence of the mRNA.[15][17] Downregulation of miR16 (as well as miR15) was observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.[18] miR16 has been shown to bind to a nine base pair to a complementary sequence in the 3' UTR region of BCL2, which is an anti-apoptotic gene involved in an evolutionarily conserved pathway in programmed cell death.[19]
Clinical relevance[edit]
Altered expression of microRNA-16 has been observed in cancer,[20][21][22] including malignancies of the breast,[23] colon[24][25], brain[26][27] , lung[28], lymphatic system[1][18][29][30], ovaries[31], pancreas[32] , prostate[33] and stomach.[34] This difference in expression levels can be used distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissues and to determine clinical prognosis.[25][35][36] The fact that pathology is associated with a different expression profile has led to the proposal that disease specific biomarkers can provide potential targets for directed clinical intervention.[37] More recently, there is evidence that in colorectal cancer that the efficacy of treatment with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab can be assessed by the expression pattern of colorectal carcinoma after therapy.[38]
miR-16 and miR-15a are clustered within a 0.5 kbp region in Chromosome 13 (13q14) in humans, a chromosomal region shown to be deleted or down-regulated in approximately more than half of B-CLL,[1] the most prevalent form of leukemia in adults.[39]Carcinogenesis is a gradual process, involving multiple genetic mutations, thus every patient with malignancy presents with a heterogeneous population of cells. The fact that mir-16 microRNA loss is observed in a large proportion of cells indicates the change occurred early in cancer development[21] and a target for therapeutic intervention.
References[edit]
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- ^ Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR. (2005). "MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers". Nature 435 (7043): 834–838. doi:10.1038/nature03702. PMID 15944708.
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- ^ Rivas MA, Venturutti L, Huang YW, Schillaci R, Huang THM, Elizalde PV. (2012). "Downregulation of the tumor-suppressor miR-16 via progestin-mediated oncogenic signaling contributes to breast cancer development". Breast Cancer Res 14 (3): R77. PMID 22583478.
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- ^ Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G, Donati V, Petrocca F, Casalini P, Taccioli C, Volinia S, Liu CG, Alder H, Calin GA, Ménard S, Croce CM. (2007). "MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer". Cancer Res 67 (8): 8699– 8707. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1936. PMID 17875710.
- ^ Bloomston M, Frankel WL, Petrocca F, Volinia S, Alder H, Hagan JP, Liu CG, Bhatt D, Taccioli C, Croce CM. (2007). "MicroRNA expression patterns to differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis". JAMA 297 (17): 1901– 1908. doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1901. PMID 17473300.
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Further reading[edit]
- ^ Baudry A, Mouillet-Richard S, Schneider B, Launay JM, Kellermann O (2010). "miR-16 targets the serotonin transporter: a new facet for adaptive responses to antidepressants". Science 329 (5998): 1537–41. doi:10.1126/science.1193692. PMID 20847275.
- ^ Zhang X, Wan G, Mlotshwa S, Vance V, Berger FG, Chen H, Lu X (2010). "Oncogenic Wip1 phosphatase is inhibited by miR-16 in the DNA damage signaling pathway". Cancer Res 70 (18): 7176–86. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0697. PMC 2940956. PMID 20668064.
- ^ Maccani MA, Avissar-Whiting M, Banister CE, McGonnigal B, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ (2010). "Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with downregulation of miR-16, miR-21 and miR-146a in the placenta". Epigenetics 5 (7): 583–9. doi:10.4161/epi.5.7.12762. PMC 2974801. PMID 20647767.
- ^ Balakrishnan A, Stearns AT, Park PJ, Dreyfuss JM, Ashley SW, Rhoads DB, Tavakkolizadeh A (2010). "MicroRNA mir-16 is anti-proliferative in enterocytes and exhibits diurnal rhythmicity in intestinal crypts". Exp Cell Res 316 (20): 3512–21. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.007. PMC 2976799. PMID 20633552.
- ^ Xu F, Zhang X, Lei Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Tong T, Wang W (2010). "Loss of repression of HuR translation by miR-16 may be responsible for the elevation of HuR in human breast carcinoma". J Cell Biochem 111 (3): 727–34. doi:10.1002/jcb.22762. PMID 20626035.
- ^ Liu W, Liu C, Zhu J, Shu P, Yin B, Gong Y, Qiang B, Yuan J, Peng X (2010). "MicroRNA-16 targets amyloid precursor protein to potentially modulate Alzheimer's-associated pathogenesis in SAMP8 mice". Neurobiol Aging. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.034. PMID 20619502.
- ^ Yang J, Cao Y, Sun J, Zhang Y (2009). "Curcumin reduces the expression of Bcl-2 by upregulating miR-15a and miR-16 in MCF-7 cells". Med Oncol 27 (4): 1114–8. doi:10.1007/s12032-009-9344-3. PMID 19908170.
- ^ Bhattacharya R, Nicoloso M, Arvizo R, Wang E, Cortez A, Rossi S, Calin GA, Mukherjee P (2009). "MiR-15a and MiR-16 control Bmi-1 expression in ovarian cancer". Cancer Res 69 (23): 9090–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2552. PMC 2859686. PMID 19903841.
- ^ Guo CJ, Pan Q, Jiang B, Chen GY, Li DG (2009). "Effects of upregulated expression of microRNA-16 on biological properties of culture-activated hepatic stellate cells". Apoptosis 14 (11): 1331–40. doi:10.1007/s10495-009-0401-3. PMID 19784778.
- ^ Hanlon K, Rudin CE, Harries LW (2009). "Investigating the targets of MIR-15a and MIR-16-1 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)". In Williams, Simon. PLoS ONE 4 (9): e7169. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007169. PMC 2745703. PMID 19779621.
- ^ Takeshita F, Patrawala L, Osaki M, Takahashi RU, Yamamoto Y, Kosaka N, Kawamata M, Kelnar K, Bader AG, Brown D, Ochiya T (2010). "Systemic delivery of synthetic microRNA-16 inhibits the growth of metastatic prostate tumors via downregulation of multiple cell-cycle genes". Mol Ther 18 (1): 181–7. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.207. PMC 2839211. PMID 19738602.
- ^ Lerner M, Harada M, Lovén J, Castro J, Davis Z, Oscier D, Henriksson M, Sangfelt O, Grandér D, Corcoran MM (2009). "DLEU2, frequently deleted in malignancy, functions as a critical host gene of the cell cycle inhibitory microRNAs miR-15a and miR-16-1". Exp Cell Res 315 (17): 2941–52. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.07.001. PMID 19591824.
- ^ Bandi N, Zbinden S, Gugger M, Arnold M, Kocher V, Hasan L, Kappeler A, Brunner T, Vassella E (2009). "miR-15a and miR-16 are implicated in cell cycle regulation in a Rb-dependent manner and are frequently deleted or down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer". Cancer Res 69 (13): 5553–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4277. PMID 19549910.
- ^ Aqeilan RI, Calin GA, Croce CM (2010). "miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cancer: discovery, function and future perspectives". Cell Death Differ 17 (2): 215–20. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.69. PMID 19498445.
- ^ Tsang WP, Kwok TT (2010). "Epigallocatechin gallate up-regulation of miR-16 and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cells". J Nutr Biochem 21 (2): 140–6. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.12.003. PMID 19269153.
- ^ Kaddar T, Rouault JP, Chien WW, Chebel A, Gadoux M, Salles G, Ffrench M, Magaud JP (2009). "Two new miR-16 targets: caprin-1 and HMGA1, proteins implicated in cell proliferation". Biol Cell 101 (9): 511–24. doi:10.1042/BC20080213. PMID 19250063.
- ^ Guo CJ, Pan Q, Li DG, Sun H, Liu BW (2009). "miR-15b and miR-16 are implicated in activation of the rat hepatic stellate cell: An essential role for apoptosis". J Hepatol 50 (4): 766–78. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.11.025. PMID 19232449.
- ^ Kaddar T, Chien WW, Bertrand Y, Pages MP, Rouault JP, Salles G, Ffrench M, Magaud JP (2009). "Prognostic value of miR-16 expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia relationships to normal and malignant lymphocyte proliferation". Leuk Res 33 (9): 1217–23. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2008.12.015. PMID 19195700.
- ^ Karaa ZS, Iacovoni JS, Bastide A, Lacazette E, Touriol C, Prats H (2009). "The VEGF IRESes are differentially susceptible to translation inhibition by miR-16". RNA 15 (2): 249–54. doi:10.1261/rna.1301109. PMC 2648711. PMID 19144909.
- ^ Shanmugam N, Reddy MA, Natarajan R (2008). "Distinct roles of heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K and microRNA-16 in cyclooxygenase-2 RNA stability induced by S100b, a ligand of the receptor for advanced glycation end products". J Biol Chem 283 (52): 36221–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806322200. PMC 2606002. PMID 18854308.
- ^ Liu Q, Fu H, Sun F, Zhang H, Tie Y, Zhu J, Xing R, Sun Z, Zheng X (2008). "miR-16 family induces cell cycle arrest by regulating multiple cell cycle genes". Nucleic Acids Res 36 (16): 5391–404. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn522. PMC 2532718. PMID 18701644.
- ^ Chen RW, Bemis LT, Amato CM, Myint H, Tran H, Birks DK, Eckhardt SG, Robinson WA (2008). "Truncation in CCND1 mRNA alters miR-16-1 regulation in mantle cell lymphoma". Blood 112 (3): 822–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-142182. PMC 2481543. PMID 18483394.
- ^ Xia L, Zhang D, Du R, Pan Y, Zhao L, Sun S, Hong L, Liu J, Fan D (2008). "miR-15b and miR-16 modulate multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human gastric cancer cells". Int J Cancer 123 (2): 372–9. doi:10.1002/ijc.23501. PMID 18449891.
- ^ Calin GA, Cimmino A, Fabbri M, Ferracin M, Wojcik SE, Shimizu M, Taccioli C, Zanesi N, Garzon R, Aqeilan RI, Alder H, Volinia S, Rassenti L, Liu X, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM (2008). "MiR-15a and miR-16-1 cluster functions in human leukemia". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (13): 5166–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800121105. PMC 2278188. PMID 18362358.
- ^ Scaglione BJ, Salerno E, Balan M, Coffman F, Landgraf P, Abbasi F, Kotenko S, Marti GE, Raveche ES (2007). "Murine models of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: role of microRNA-16 in the New Zealand Black mouse model". Br J Haematol 139 (5): 645–57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06851.x. PMC 2692662. PMID 17941951.
- ^ Raveche ES, Salerno E, Scaglione BJ, Manohar V, Abbasi F, Lin YC, Fredrickson T, Landgraf P, Ramachandra S, Huppi K, Toro JR, Zenger VE, Metcalf RA, Marti GE (2007). "Abnormal microRNA-16 locus with synteny to human 13q14 linked to CLL in NZB mice". Blood 109 (12): 5079–86. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-02-071225. PMC 1890829. PMID 17351108.
- ^ Linsley PS, Schelter J, Burchard J, Kibukawa M, Martin MM, Bartz SR, Johnson JM, Cummins JM, Raymond CK, Dai H, Chau N, Cleary M, Jackson AL, Carleton M, Lim L (2007). "Transcripts targeted by the microRNA-16 family cooperatively regulate cell cycle progression". Mol Cell Biol 27 (6): 2240–52. doi:10.1128/MCB.02005-06. PMC 1820501. PMID 17242205.
- ^ Bottoni A, Piccin D, Tagliati F, Luchin A, Zatelli MC, degli Uberti EC (2005). "miR-15a and miR-16-1 down-regulation in pituitary adenomas". J Cell Physiol 204 (1): 280–5. doi:10.1002/jcp.20282. PMID 15648093.
External links[edit]
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